Abstract—-
This
article
presents
a
systematic
review
carried
out
around
the
development
of
technologies
that
have
driven
military
communication,
describing
the
evolution
of
communication
equipment
and
protocols
used
throughout
history.
This
work
was
carried
out
from
the
review
of
80
articles
related
to
the
field
of
military
communications,
from
which
the
fundamentals
of
the
different
technologies,
equipment
and
means
of
communication
were
extracted.
It
is
concluded
that
technological
progress
has
improved
the
speed
of
response
in
digital
signals,
has
proposed
I
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Minerva
Journal
V
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7
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)
Velastegui et al. Avances tecnológicos en sistemas y equipos de comunicaciones militares
Resumen—
En
este
artículo
se
presenta
una
revisión
sistemática
que
aborda
el
desarrollo
de
tecnologías
que
han
impulsado
a
la
comunicación
de
carácter
militar,
se
describe
la
evolución
de
equipos
y
protocolos
de
comunicación
empleados
a
través
de
la
historia.
Este
trabajo
se
realizó
a
partir
de
la
revisión
de
80
artículos
relacionados
con
el
ámbito
de
las
comunicaciones
militares,
a
partir
de
los
cuales
se
extrajeron
los
fundamentos
sobre
las
diferentes
tecnologías,
equipos
y
medios
de
comunicación.
Se
concluye
que
el
avance
tecnológico
ha
mejorado
la
velocidad
de
respuesta
en
las
señales
digitales,
ha
propuesto
nuevos
métodos
y
protocolos
de
encriptación
de
la
información
transmitida
y
a
más
de
ello
ha
optimizado
la
eficiencia
energética
de
los
equipos,
que
ahora
poseen
autonomía
suficiente
para
completar
extensas
misiones
sin
recargas
de
energía
con
el
uso
de
dispositivos
más
compactos
y
livianos.
Palabras
clave:
comunicaciones
militares,
protocolos
de
comunicación,
transmisión
de
información,
tecnologías.
Technological
advances
in
military
communications
systems
and
equipment
61
Recibido(10/11/2021),
Aceptado(03/03/2022)
V
e
l
a
s
t
e
g
u
i
N
i
c
c
o
l
a
y
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0599-625X
nvelastegui@armada.mil.ec
Fuerza
Naval
Ecuatoriana,
Comando
de
Operaciones
Navales
Guayaquil-Ecuador
Pavón
Estefania
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4832-1386
eesteefania@hotmail.com
Fuerza
Terrestre
Ecuatoriana,
Brigada
de
Artillería
27
Portete
Cuenca-Ecuador
Jácome
Hugo
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6600-8131
hxjacomel@gmail.com
Fuerza
Terrestre
Ecuatoriana,
Brigada
de
Infantería
Motorizada
Loja
Loja-Ecuador
Torres
Freddy
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5964-4551
freddytorres.6647@gmail.com
Fuerza
Aérea
Ecuatoriana,
Ala
de
Combate
22
Guayaquil
Guayaquil-Ecuador
Pico
Melissa
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9425-3778
mpicoparedes@gmail.com
Fuerza
Terrestre,
Ecuatoriana
Brigada
de
Selva
21
Cóndor
Macas-Ecuador
Avances tecnológicos en sistemas y equipos
de comunicaciones militares
https://doi.org/10.47460/minerva.v3i8.65
new
methods
and
protocols
for
encrypting
the
transmitted
information
and
has
also
optimised
the
energy
efficiency
of
the
equipment,
which
now
has
sufficient
autonomy
to
complete
long
missions
without
recharging
energy
with
the
use
of
more
compact
and
lighter
devices.
Keywords:
military
communications,
communication
protocols,
transmission
of
information,
technologies
I. INTRODUCTION
Communications
in
the
military
field
are
an
aspect
of
vital
importance
for
the
coordination
and
control
of
operations,
sending
information
(voice,
data,
video),
which
are
necessary
to
acquire
an
adequate
perception
of
the
environment
and
the
situation.
Communication
is
required
by
military
personnel,
at
all
levels
and
through
different
environments
such
as
underwater,
on
land,
air
and
in
space.
Military
communications
must
be
characterised
by
having
flexibility,
adaptability,
and
controllability
of
characteristics
such
as
frequency,
bandwidths,
speed
of
transmission
of
information,
and
response
times
and
guarantee
the
continuity
of
communications
despite
variant
environments
that
may
arise
[1].
Faced
with
the
needs
of
modern
deployments
in
the
military
field,
it
is
necessary
to
develop
new
technologies
to
fill
current
technological
gaps,
in
the
same
way,
that
we
are
participants
in
the
evolution
of
mobile
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
,
b
e
t
t
e
r
r
a
n
g
e
s
,
d
a
t
a
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s
p
e
e
d
s
,
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
s
e
c
u
r
i
t
y
a
r
e
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
,
equipment
autonomy,
more
compact
technologies,
etc.
The
present
work
describes
in
the
Development
section,
a
description
of
the
standardized
technologies
implemented
in
the
military
communications
systems
of
land,
naval
and
air
defense
in
the
armies
of
greater
technological
advance
in
the
world.
The
Methodology
section
describes
the
considerations
taken
in
the
realization
of
this
comprehensive
review
document,
finally
in
results,
relevant
findings
and
data
found
in
the
analysis
of
the
information
are
presented.
II. COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS OF MILITARY FORCES
T
h
e
m
i
l
i
t
a
r
y
f
o
r
c
e
s
h
a
v
e
t
h
e
i
r
r
e
a
c
h
i
n
c
o
n
t
i
n
e
n
t
a
l
,
m
a
r
i
t
i
m
e
a
n
d
a
i
r
t
e
r
r
i
t
o
r
y
,
m
o
s
t
c
o
u
n
t
r
i
e
s
h
a
v
e
t
h
i
s
structure
A.Military
Ground
Communications
The
safety
and
efficiency
of
communication
are
very
important,
and
in
the
military
field,
they
must
contemplate
catastrophic
situations,
interference,
failures
in
energy
systems
and
collapse
of
local
communication
networks.
The
Warfighter
Information
Network-Tactical
(WIN-T)
created
by
General
Dynamics
(US)
and
implemented
in
2002
in
the
US
Army,
has
a
structure
in
the
form
of
a
network
of
servers,
routers,
and
switches
that
work
in
vehicles
or
mobile
stations
(Figure
1).
The
technology
is
peer-to-peer
(Technical
Operations
Center-TOC)
communication
radios
and
lower
level
connectivity
[2].
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F
i
g
1
.
A
r
q
u
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
W
a
r
f
i
g
h
t
e
r
I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
N
e
t
w
o
r
k
-
T
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
(
W
I
N
T
-
T
)
The
WINT-T
architecture
presented
in
Figure
1
illustrates
a
series
of
mobile
and
fixed
stations
that
allow
the
transmission
of
communications
without
requiring
fixed
network
communication
stations,
which
allows
consistent
communication
to
sets
of
mobile
fighters,
vehicles,
improved
stations,
and
satellite
communication
through
technologies
that
use
cables
and
of
a
wireless
nature.
The
architecture
of
a
tactical
communications
system
considers
mobile
infrastructure
for
operations
in
multiple
locations
and
has
some
components
based
on
the
technology
of
the
type
Communication
and
Networking
Riser
(CNR),
technology
owned
by
the
INTEL®
brand.
Due
to
the
limitations
of
Communication
and
Networking
Riser
(CNR)
systems,
WINT-T
was
developed
to
support
communication
as
a
logical
network
that
allowed
voice
and
data
to
be
transferred
with
the
flexibility
of
implementation
in
its
physical
part.
At
the
lower
level,
combat
troops
carry
a
device
that
acts
as
a
network
node
and
access
terminal.
Battery
power
and
the
need
for
small
omnidirectional
antennas
mean
that
ranges
and
capacities
are
limited.
At
the
upper
level,
the
trunk
communications
systems
have
been
designed
to
possess
a
semi-mobile
structure.
Since
these
systems
operate
in
remote
locations,
they
employ
generators
for
their
power
supply.
Large
capacity
antennas
are
deployed
on
braced
masts
in
vehicles
or
fixed
stations
to
provide
coverage
with
reasonable
ranges.
To
extend
the
range
of
communications,
an
alternative
is
to
raise
the
position
of
the
antennas,
which
has
been
solved
with
a
repeater
or
satellite-based
switch,
significantly
increasing
the
ranges
between
network
nodes.
A
satellite-based
solution
is
not
considered
desirable
in
all
cases
due
to
its
inability
to
meet
the
requirements
of
a
minimum
organic
communications
system
and
whose
transmission
security
may
be
altered;
therefore,
an
airborne
subsystem
is
required
to
support
long-range
flights
to
increase
the
Lower-level
tactical
communications
capability
by
eliminating
range
restriction
at
high
frequencies
that
can
provide
additional
capacity
from
small
to
omnidirectional
antennas.
A
Tactical
Communications
System
may
provide
a
basic
level
of
service.
It
should
be
able
to
be
extended,
where
possible,
with
overlapping
communications
systems,
such
as
the
public
telephone
network,
satellite-based
communications
systems,
personal
communications
systems,
etc.
These
overlapping
systems
cannot
be
guaranteed
availability
and
therefore
cannot
be
included
in
the
basic
tactical
system,
yet
a
significant
advantage
can
be
gained
from
their
use.
To
simplify
the
user
interface
of
the
multiple
subsystems
used
in
the
WINT-T
system,
a
switching
level
is
required;
thems
have
various
forms,
including
a
set
of
vehicles,
mobile
stations
an
a
local
area
networksk
around
the
brigade
headquarters.
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Minerva
Journal
Vol.3,
Issue.
8,
(pp.
61-73)
64
ISSN-E:
2697-3650
Within
the
architecture
of
the
WINT-T
tactical
communications
system,
a
few
systems
and
subsystems
allow
its
operation.
In
figure
2,
the
four
fundamental
systems
are
appreciated:
Eoverlaid
Communications,
Tactical
Communications
and
Supported,
in
addition
to
this
and
for
security
reasons
the
strategic
communications
system
is
added.
The
subsystems
in
which
WINT-T
is
supported
are
Combat
Radio,
Tactical
Data
Distribution,
Tactical
Trunk,
Tactical
Airborne,
and
Local
to
simplify
the
user
interface
with
the
other
communications
subsystems
and
the
communications
systems.
Fig
3.
Outline
the
use
of
communication
technologies
in
Aeronautical
and
Maritime
communications.
Fig
2.
Architecture
for
the
Tactical
Communications
System
B.Maritime
and
Aeronautical
Communications
of
a
military
nature
The
communications
of
the
armed
forces,
both
dedicated
to
the
maritime
and
air
aspects
share
similar
technical
and
operational
characteristics
that
depend
on
the
distances
at
which
they
are
from
other
aircraft
or
ships,
as
well
as
from
fixed
communication
stations.
Figure
3
illustrates
an
outline
of
the
technologies
used
for
the
aeronautical
and
maritime
aspects,
supported
by
a
set
of
satellites
that
triangulate
the
position
obtaining
and
transmitting
the
positions
through
the
use
of
the
GPS
Global
Positioning
System.
Velastegui et al. Avances tecnológicos en sistemas y equipos de comunicaciones militares
Minerva
Journal
Vol.3,
Issue.
8,
(pp.
61-73)
C.
Aeronautical
Communications
For
the
positioning
of
the
ships,
whether
these
are
combat
aircraft,
helicopters,
light
aircraft
and
even
commercial
aircraft,
these
systems
are
linked
by
satellites
that
correspond
to
GEOSAR
technologies,
which
f
r
o
m
a
t
r
i
a
n
g
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
a
l
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
r
e
e
o
r
m
o
r
e
s
a
t
e
l
l
i
t
e
s
,
m
a
n
a
g
e
t
o
o
b
t
a
i
n
t
h
e
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
a
i
r
c
r
a
f
t
a
n
d
h
e
l
i
c
o
p
t
e
r
s
.
T
h
e
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
c
a
r
r
i
e
d
o
u
t
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
a
i
r
c
r
a
f
t
a
n
d
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
stations
use
an
Aeronautical
Service
of
communications
S.A.,
while
to
support
the
mobile
telephony
inside
the
p
l
a
n
e
a
r
e
c
o
m
p
a
n
i
e
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
O
n
a
i
r
a
n
d
A
e
r
o
M
o
b
i
l
e
,
w
h
i
c
h
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
t
h
e
A
e
r
o
n
a
u
t
i
c
a
l
M
o
b
i
l
e
S
e
r
v
i
c
e
.
T
h
e
frequency
bands
most
used
are
two
of
HF
(High
Frequency)
and
VHF
(Very
High
Frequency).
The
HF
frequency,
known
as
shortwave,
is
used
for
international
radio
communications
in
frequency
ranges
from
2.8
to
22
MHz
and
corresponds
to
the
upper
sideband
in
which
the
emission
types
J3E
(voice
communication
used
by
users
of
the
aeronautical
area),
A3E
(used
in
AM
broadcasting
in
low
and
medium
frequency)
are
located.
The
audio
frequencies
used
in
aeronautics
are
made
in
audio
frequencies
from
300
to
2700
Hz,
with
which
large
coverages
are
achieved
and
a
propagation
that
can
vary
according
to
the
seasons
of
the
year
and
activity
of
the
Ionosphere;
through
the
use
of
HF,
you
can
have
direct
communication
between
aircraft
and
ground
stations,
even
if
they
are
long
distances.VHF
frequencies
are
useful
for
the
duration
of
flights
and
short
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
s
,
u
s
e
f
u
l
i
n
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
t
a
k
e
o
f
f
o
r
l
a
n
d
i
n
g
a
n
d
o
p
e
r
a
t
e
o
n
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
i
e
s
f
r
o
m
1
1
7
.
9
t
o
1
3
6
M
H
z
,
which
is
why
they
are
used
in
the
vicinity
of
airports.
For
the
military
field,
the
bands
used
are
from
136
to
143
MHz,
with
a
modulation
greater
than
85%.
In
cases
of
emergencies
or
disasters,
communications
are
broadcast
at
frequencies
above
2182
kHz
and
121.5
MHz.
For
take-off
and
landing
situations,
the
aircraft
rely
on
the
services
of
air
terminals,
and
support
stations
such
as:
Weather
aid
stations,
fixed
take-off
stations
and
fixed
landing
stations,
each
with
its
own
technologies
and
communication
protocols.
D.
Maritime
Communications
The
Maritime
Mobile
Service
(SMM)
allows
communication
between
coastal
stations
and
vessels,
allows
the
detection
of
rescue
devices
and
radio
beacons.
In
addition
to
this,
there
is
the
Maritime
Stations
Service
(SRM)
that
regulate
maritime
traffic
in
accordance
with
regulations
and
regulations
imposed
with
international
conventions.
Figure
3
illustrates
the
ships'
communications
with
ground
stations,
aircraft,
and
satellites
operating
in
low
and
high
levels
of
the
Earth's
atmosphere.
Maritime
communications
in
the
past
contemplated
semi-duplex
communications
in
which
communication
was
carried
out
in
only
one
direction
at
a
time,
however,
new
technologies
already
allow
duplex
communication
and
that
correspond
to
the
same
HF
and
VHF
technologies
that
are
used
by
aircraft
with
a
different
band
and
respecting
the
legislation
of
each
country.
The
frequencies
for
maritime
communications
are
given
in
two
main
groups:
long-range
operating
in
bands
from
4
to
30
MHz
with
a
worldwide
coverage
and
in
HF,
the
second
frequency
corresponds
to
short
range
in
bands
from
156
to
174
MHz
in
VHF.
Ships
and
mobile
communications
also
have
their
classification
due
to
the
size
of
the
vessels,
this
is
for
communications
between
vessels
and
coastal
stations.
There
are
two
types
of
communication
bands
that
are:
inshore
which
includes
ships
of
up
to
1600
tons,
and
the
band
for
large
transoceanic;
for
these
last
two
cases
frequency
ranges
of
4
kHz
to
25097
KHz
are
used.
In
the
case
of
shipwrecks
or
dangerous
situations,
the
beacons
(frequency
of
406
MHz)
can
communicate
with
the
SARSAT-COSPAS
system
that
corresponds
to
a
set
of
search
and
rescue
satellites
(SAR)
through
which
and
by
triangulation
can
locate
signal
emissions
managing
to
locate
the
source
of
the
signal
and
at
the
same
time
transmitting
to
aircraft
and
stations
on
the
ground.
Some
international
organizations
related
to
maritime
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)
defence
and
civil
aviation
recommend
that
ships
and
aircraft
possess
Emergency
Position
Indicating
Radio
Beacon
(EPIRB)
and
Emergency
locator
transmitter
(ELT),
respectively.
EPIRB
allows
localisation
in
case
of
a
c
c
i
d
e
n
t
s
,
w
h
i
l
e
E
L
T
f
a
c
i
l
i
t
a
t
e
s
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
e
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
i
e
s
.
F
o
r
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
i
n
t
h
e
w
a
t
e
r
a
n
d
o
n
l
a
n
d
,
P
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
L
o
c
a
t
o
r
B
e
a
c
o
n
s
(
P
L
B
)
a
r
e
u
s
e
d
.
T
h
e
s
a
t
e
l
l
i
t
e
s
t
h
a
t
o
p
e
r
a
t
e
w
i
t
h
S
A
R
S
A
T
-
C
O
S
P
A
S
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
that
allow
the
communication
of
the
vessels
are
of
two
types,
those
that
operate
in
low
orbit
called
Low
Earth
Orbit
(LEO)
and
those
that
operate
in
higher
orbits
called
Geostationary
Earth
Orbit
(GEOSAR).
E.
Advances
in
the
Communication
Systems
of
military
forces
Although
in
the
previous
sections
the
communications
of
a
military
nature,
whether
land,
air
and
sea,
referred
to
technologies
for
the
transmission
of
voice,
files
and
static
images;
currently,
the
concept
of
real-time
applications
of
videos
and
data
between
teams
is
already
being
addressed,
dynamic
maps
that
provide
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
y
r
i
s
k
a
r
e
a
s
.
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
t
o
d
a
y
s
e
e
k
s
t
o
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
s
a
s
a
u
n
i
f
i
e
d
e
n
t
i
t
y
allowing
greater
availability
of
information
and
accessibility
for
more
military
members.
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
s
i
n
M
i
l
i
t
a
r
y
G
r
o
u
n
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
The
use
of
Software
Defined
Radio
or
SDR
has
been
proposed
as
an
alternative
due
to
its
robustness,
scalability
and
conditions
for
rapid
deployment.
This
technology
makes
it
possible
to
create
an
efficient
and
automatic
communication
network
without
the
need
for
any
prior
infrastructure
or
frequency
planning.
An
example
of
this
type
of
solution
is
formed
by
the
BNET
family
of
radios
of
the
multinational
Rafael
Advanced
Defense
Systems,
which
acts
as
the
backbone
of
a
communications
network
and
offers
key
advantages
by
offering
broadband,
low
delay
and
reliability
in
connectivity.
An
SDR
radio
communication
option
has
different
patented
features
that
allow
forces
deployed
in
the
field,
mounted
in
vehicles
or
in
the
air,
to
operate
even
if
the
geographical
and
operational
scenarios
are
highly
complex.
BNET
technology
allows
multi-band
communications,
IP-based
network
link
(Internet
Protocol),
multichannel
reception,
and
Mobile
ad
hoc
Network
(MANET)
network
management;
these
possibilities
added
to
the
low
delay,
scalability
to
more
than
a
thousand
terminals
and
its
high
level
of
integration,
provide
facilities
to
the
user
to
configure
their
communications
din
complications
and
safely.
High
data
speed
and
reliability
provide
a
competitive
advantage
to
battlefield
actors.
This
technology
has
been
adapted
for
the
foot
soldier
(BNET
-HH),
for
a
useful
backpack
in
tactical
controls
(BNET
-MPS)
and
for
fixed
installations
and
vehicles
(BNET-V).
Evolution
of
Tactical
Communications
Technologies.
Very
Small
Aperture
Terminal
(VSAT)
Networks
enable
mobile,
secure
and
real-time
relays
of
information
via
satellites
over
commercial
or
government
frequencies
or
a
combination
of
both.
Satellite
antennas,
modems
and
other
related
equipment
have
become
smaller,
lighter
and
more
mobile,
meeting
the
ideal
requirements
of
size,
weight
and
power
(Shared
Wireless
Application
Protocol,
SWaP)
to
meet
the
demands
of
military
users.
Inmarsat
Global
Government,
ViaSat,
Hughes
Government
Solutions,
Harris
CapRock
and
Newtec
are
the
major
players
in
the
field
of
VSAT
service
solutions,
providing
ever-higher
specification
offerings
to
an
extremely
competitive
and
fast-moving
market.
Ethernet
and
VoIP
networks
have
evolved
in
tactical
scenarios
increasing
the
need
to
integrate
digital
voice
over
IP
(VoIP),
file
transfer,
image
and
video
transmission,
and
field
web-based
applications.
The
ICC-201
IP-
based
digital
intercom
system
and
the
PRC-525
tactical
combat
network
radio
meet
the
needs
mentioned
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above,
simultaneously
improving
connectivity,
interoperability,
flexibility
and
mobility.
The
EID
tactical
network
provides
equipment
that
the
C4I
technology
customer
needs
to
increase
command,
control
and
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
c
a
p
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
s
e
a
m
l
e
s
s
l
y
,
p
r
o
v
i
d
i
n
g
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
s
t
o
a
i
d
t
h
e
d
e
p
l
o
y
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
t
a
t
e
-
o
f
-
t
h
e
-
a
r
t
I
P
-
b
a
s
e
d
t
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
,
f
r
o
m
s
i
m
p
l
e
c
a
b
l
e
-
t
o
-
f
i
b
r
e
-
t
o
-
f
i
b
r
e
E
t
h
e
r
n
e
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
a
n
d
v
e
h
i
c
u
l
a
r
p
o
w
e
r
s
u
p
p
l
i
e
s
t
o
sophisticated,
rugged
servers,
rugged
routers/switches,
radio
access
points,
and
radio-VoIP
gateways.
The
ICC-
201
digital
intercom
system
is
an
IP-based
concept
that
enables
the
integration
and
deployment
of
a
robust,
compact
and
seamless
system.
A
revolutionary
technology
is
3D
printing
and
synthetic
telepathy,
whose
technology
employs
a
"brain-
computer"
interface,
or
"synthetic
telepathy",
which
are
emerging
technologies
after
research
in
synthetic
telepathy
by
scientists
over
the
years.
American
researchers
successfully
demonstrated
the
use
of
one
person's
brain
signals
to
control
another
person's
hand
in
2014.
From
signals
obtained
by
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
e
n
c
e
p
h
a
l
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
(
E
E
G
)
a
n
d
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
b
y
t
r
a
n
s
c
r
a
n
i
a
l
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
s
t
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
(
T
M
S
)
,
t
h
e
s
e
s
i
g
n
a
l
s
w
e
r
e
d
e
l
i
v
e
r
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
b
r
a
i
n
o
f
a
s
e
c
o
n
d
s
u
b
j
e
c
t
.
S
y
n
t
h
e
t
i
c
t
e
l
e
p
a
t
h
y
c
o
u
l
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
n
e
w
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
v
e
s
if
subsequent
developments
achieve
applicability
and
solid
evidence
of
the
advantages
of
its
use
within
the
m
i
l
i
t
a
r
y
.
According
to
the
latest
advances
in
physics
and
quantum
computers
of
the
current
generation,
quantum
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
c
a
n
b
e
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
t
e
d
a
t
r
e
a
s
o
n
a
b
l
e
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
s
o
n
E
a
r
t
h
a
n
d
,
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
h
e
t
h
e
o
r
y
,
m
u
c
h
greater
distances
in
space.
The
fact
that
the
information
has
a
different
state
at
each
moment
and
that
when
obtaining
the
information
it
can
change
makes
quantum
communications
one
of
the
safest
anti-hackers.
The
only
way
to
observe
the
photon
is
for
it
to
interact
with
an
electron
or
electromagnetic
field,
which
would
cause
the
photon
to
decohesion
or
interfere
with
it
in
a
way
that
would
only
be
apparent
to
the
intended
r
e
c
i
p
i
e
n
t
i
n
p
o
s
s
e
s
s
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
e
n
c
r
y
p
t
i
o
n
k
e
y
.
T
h
e
a
d
v
a
n
t
a
g
e
s
o
f
q
u
a
n
t
u
m
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
t
h
e
m
i
l
i
t
a
r
y
f
i
e
l
d
will
allow
to
quickly
give
orders
to
soldiers
on
the
battlefield
without
fear
that
anyone
will
hack
the
information
and
manage
to
securely
transmit
the
information
to
the
headquarters
for
analysis
without
the
possibility
of
enemy
interference.
Advances
in
Aeronautical
and
Maritime
Communications
BNET
technologies
also
have
solutions
for
the
aeronautical
field
with
the
incorporation
in
aircraft
with
the
BNET-AR
version.
However,
there
are
new
alternatives
that
allow
widespread
communication
to
air
and
sea-
land
systems;
below
are
some
of
the
most
recent
developments
and
projects
in
development.
Wireless
Communication
Technologies
The
future
of
aeronautical
communications
is
being
developed
around
a
new
alternative
called
Free-Space
Optical
Technology
(FSO)
which
corresponds
to
the
type
of
Optical
Wireless
Communication
(OCW).
The
two
terms
mentioned
above
and
that
are
similar
refer
to
the
use
of
optical
media
in
visible
bands,
infrared
(IR)
and
ultraviolet
(UV);
for
this,
laser
light
or
light-emitting
diodes
are
used.
This
technology
in
development
can
provide
better
response
times
to
sound
communications
and
electromagnetic
spectra.
However,
its
use
is
still
debated
due
to
the
variability
of
atmospheric
conditions
and
distortions
that
can
affect
light
patterns.
OCW
technologies
have
five
alternatives:
ultra-short
range,
short-range,
long-range
and
ultra-long-range
OCW.
These
alternatives
support
not
only
aircraft
without
including
people
on
foot,
vehicles,
aircraft,
submarines
and
even
satellites
[O1];
an
illustration
of
the
interactions
of
OCW
technology
can
be
seen
in
Figure
4.
Velastegui et al. Avances tecnológicos en sistemas y equipos de comunicaciones militares
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Journal
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F
i
g
4
.
O
C
W
O
p
t
i
c
a
l
W
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
f
o
r
g
e
n
e
r
a
l
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
l
a
n
d
,
aeronautics
and
maritime.
Tropospheric
Dispersion
Communications
A
l
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
s
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
u
s
e
d
f
o
r
y
e
a
r
s
b
y
m
i
l
i
t
a
r
y
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
s
f
o
r
l
o
n
g
-
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
communications
at
multiple
frequencies
and
in
remote
areas,
they
are
currently
considered
to
be
used
to
use
the
lack
of
homogeneity
in
the
troposphere
to
send
signals
transmitted
to
a
receiver
that
uses
high-gain
antennas
and
that
at
the
same
time
allow
transmission
in
high
powers
of
the
order
of
100
W
and
that
commonly
are
mobile.
The
interest
in
the
use
of
the
dispersion
of
the
troposphere
considers
the
creation
of
m
o
r
e
p
r
e
c
i
s
e
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
s
a
n
d
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
i
n
p
u
t
s
a
n
d
o
u
t
p
u
t
s
(
M
I
M
O
)
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
w
h
i
c
h
w
o
u
l
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
reliability.
The
use
of
dual
antenna
is
foreseen
to
avoid
interruptions
allowing
the
transmission
of
several
dozen
data
in
Mbps.
Many
factors
have
been
tried
to
solve
for
the
application
of
this
technology
in
the
aeronautical
field,
such
as
the
influence
of
altitude
that
decreases
the
density
of
the
troposphere,
presenting
variations
in
altitude
in
the
tropics
and
areas
near
the
poles.
The
reason
why,
these
technologies
will
be
used
in
limited
situations,
but
despite
this,
their
information
transmission
speeds
will
prevent
this
technology
from
falling
into
disuse
for
a
considerable
time.
Near
Vertical
Incidence
Skywave
Communications
(NVIS)
This
type
of
communication
works
from
the
launch
of
waves
in
a
high
frequency
spectrum
HF
in
frequencies
of
0.5
and
10
MHz,
signals
are
sent
with
angles
above
80°
with
respect
to
the
horizontal
direction
and
depending
on
the
time
of
day
and
the
variation
of
the
refraction
of
the
ionosphere,
to
take
advantage
of
its
refraction
and
provide
ranges
of
hundreds
of
kilometers.
Figure
5
illustrates
the
rebound
effect
of
electromegenetic
waves
in
the
ionosphere
for
when
they
are
sent
at
angles
greater
than
80°
(NVIS)
and
when
they
are
performed
with
smaller
angles
in
which
case
transmissions
are
achieved
at
longer
deistances
but
with
lower
fidelity
for
frequencies
used
by
NVIS.
Velastegui et al. Avances tecnológicos en sistemas y equipos de comunicaciones militares
Minerva
Journal
V
o
l
.
3
,
I
s
s
u
e
.
8
,
(
p
p
.
6
1
-
7
3
)
Fig
5.
Tecnologías
de
comunicación
Skywave
de
Incidencia
Casi
Vertical
(NVIS)
The
rebound
with
the
almost
vertical
angle
provides
the
communications
system
with
a
suitable
alternative
for
regional
aviation
especially
for
reception,
and
this
technology
can
also
be
used
in
drones
through
HF
type
modems
that
are
adaptable
to
the
changing
conditions
of
the
refraction
of
the
ionosphere.
If
it
is
short
messages
of
regional
volume,
NVIS
offers
a
useful
alternative
for
some
air
systems.
Orbital
Angular
Momentum
(OAM)
Transmission
Analogous
to
the
use
of
electric
field
polarisation,
angular
momentum
transmission
gained
attention
more
than
a
decade
ago
when
the
scientific
community
demonstrated
the
feasibility
of
optical
wave
propagation.
Waves
of
OAM
character
are
considered
helical
that
can
be
configured
with
different
modes
and
forms
of
energy
density
on
the
plane
perpendicular
to
the
direction
of
propagation.
Higher-order
modes
of
these
waves
are
mostly
attenuated
according
to
distance,
this
technology
is
one
of
the
most
useful.
At
present,
the
scope
for
which
it
has
been
tested
is
insufficient.
Still,
this
technology
has
the
potential
to
better
develop
its
coverage,
as
well
as
enjoying
the
possibility
of
a
high
rate
of
data
transmission,
so
with
a
bit
of
development,
it
could
become
an
alternative
that
leads
in
the
future
of
aviation.
Orthogonal
Time
Frequency
Space
Modulation
(OTFS)
It
is
a
new
two-dimensional
modulation
technique
proposed
by
Chere
Technologies
that
works
from
a
Doppler
effect
with
a
coordinate
system
instead
of
the
conventional
time-frequency
domain
system.
The
system
above
has
successfully
operated
in
multiple
access
communications
schemes
(OFDM
(A)),
multiple
access
code
division
(CDMA),
MA
time
division
(TDMA)
and
MA
frequency
division
(FDMA))
according
to
[O2[,
in
addition,
it
has
been
effective
for
the
implementation
and
5G
technologies.
The
transmission
is
carried
out
in
the
form
of
pulses
as
if
it
were
a
radar
with
intervals
of
repetition
of
a
burst
of
pulses.
According
to
the
increase
in
the
burst
of
pulses,
a
better
resolution
of
the
Doppler
effect
is
achieved.
This
technique
is
improved
by
using
equalization
techniques
to
improve
its
performance;
in
addition
to
this,
nonlinear
equalization
techniques
are
used
to
perform
multiple
frequency
diversity,
not
only
in
the
delay
domain
(as
known
as
TDMA
and
CDMA)
but
also
in
the
Doppler
domain.
Machine
Learning
for
Aviation
Communications
of
the
Future
(ML).
The
application
of
Machine
Learning
as
a
tool
for
the
use
of
Artificial
Intelligence
has
been
studied
and
proposed
for
applications
in
aeronautical
communications
systems
The
potential
achieved
by
the
application
69
ISSN-E:
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Velastegui et al. Avances tecnológicos en sistemas y equipos de comunicaciones militares
Minerva
Journal
Vol.3,
Issue.
8,
(pp.
61-73)
of
ML
in
communication
lies
in
the
creation
of
solid
cognitive
radio
networks
(CRN).
Which
is
an
adaptive
network
that
self-regulates
to
automatically
detect
the
multiple
channels
available
in
wireless
network
spectrums,
enabling
a
greater
number
of
simultaneous
users.
It
is
achieved
through
this
technology
to
better
employ
the
available
resources
effectively
and
reliably.
There
is
strong
evidence
of
the
application
of
CRN
in
terrestrial
communications
and
WRAN
wireless
regional
area
networks
and
most
IEEE
802.22
standards
for
U
H
F
/
V
H
F
a
n
d
i
t
s
T
V
b
a
n
d
s
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
5
4
a
n
d
8
6
2
M
H
z
[
4
5
]
.
III. METHODOLOGY
The
systematic
review
carried
out
in
this
document
contemplated
in
a
first
search
226
articles
of
the
IEEE
Xplore
(168)
and
SCOPUS
(58)
scientific
bases,
using
a
search
of
the
keywords:
Military
communications,
Communication
protocols,
Information
transmission,
Technologies.
50
documents
that
were
repeated
in
the
t
w
o
b
a
s
e
s
w
e
r
e
e
l
i
m
i
n
a
t
e
d
,
l
a
t
e
r
o
f
t
h
e
1
7
6
d
o
c
u
m
e
n
t
s
,
1
2
5
s
c
r
e
e
n
e
d
w
e
r
e
e
l
i
m
i
n
a
t
e
d
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
h
e
t
i
t
l
e
and
abstract.
Of
the
51
articles
considered,
14
were
excluded,
thus
obtaining
15
articles
that
strictly
addressed
the
appropriate
topic
to
carry
out
this
research
work,
the
procedure
can
be
seen
in
Figure
6.
70
I
S
S
N
-
E
:
2
6
9
7
-
3
6
5
0
Velastegui et al. Avances tecnológicos en sistemas y equipos de comunicaciones militares
Fig
6.
Workflow
schema
in
reviewing
reference
documents
IV.
RESULTS
Multiple
technologies
were
found
based
on
developments
or
improvements
of
existing
and
previously
used
technologies
and
new
ones
with
the
implementation
of
artificial
intelligence
and
Machine
Learning.
In
most
of
the
communication
technologies
addressed,
the
communication
frequencies
that
are
most
used
correspond
to
HF
for
long
distances
and
VHF
for
short
distances
with
respect
to
fixed
stations
for
both
the
aeronautical
and
maritime
areas.
There
are
methods
that
use
technologies
very
different
from
those
used
in
previous
generations
and
that
instead
consist
of
quantum
and
extrasensory
advances
based
on
brain
perceptions.
Minerva
Journal
Vol.3,
Issue.
8,
(pp.
61-73)
These
technologies
are
still
under
development;
however,
they
allow
very
high
capacities
compared
to
conventional
technologies
in
data
transfer
capacity
and
brain
signals
by
non-standardized
but
experimentally
successful
methods.
Electromagnetic
effects,
the
emission
of
radar
waves
and
sound,
are
being
replaced
by
technologies
of
an
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
n
a
t
u
r
e
d
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
i
r
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s
p
e
e
d
a
n
d
r
a
n
g
e
.
I
n
a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
,
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
t
h
a
t
take
advantage
of
the
dispersion
of
the
ionosphere
and
allow
the
rebound
of
waves
achieving
short
ranges
but
with
high
fidelity
of
communication.
CONCLUSIONS
Tactical
communications
on
the
battlefield
have
multiple
alternatives
in
terms
of
communication
protocols,
equipment
and
technologies
under
development,
and
since
the
results
take
into
account
the
participation
of
a
s
w
a
r
m
o
f
s
a
t
e
l
l
i
t
e
s
,
t
h
e
y
a
l
l
o
w
a
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
a
c
c
e
s
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
f
o
r
t
h
e
m
i
l
i
t
a
r
y
,
w
h
i
c
h
o
p
t
i
m
i
s
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
options
through
the
use
of
satellites.
Cognitive
radios,
synthetic
telepathy
and
quantum
communications
are
now
the
buzzwords.
India
brings
great
developments.
Technological
advances
in
the
aeronautical
field
are
highlighted
by
the
use
of
electromagnetic
waves,
light
and
radio
waves;
these
technologies
employ
frequencies
commonly
used
in
previous
technologies.
The
capabilities
in
transmitting
images,
video
and
voice
of
the
users
have
been
significantly
improved.
Many
of
the
technologies
used
in
the
military-strategic
field
and
its
operations
on
land
work
to
date
in
multiple
countries.
Given
the
variety
of
equipment,
origins,
and
variable
frequencies,
the
equipment
has
been
developed
that
provides
the
flexibility
to
communicate
with
a
multitude
of
bands
and
the
same
equipment.
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x
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i
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t
c
o
m
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n
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E
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l
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i
u
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i
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p
p
o
r
t
u
n
i
t
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a
n
d
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h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
»
,
i
n
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i
l
i
t
a
r
y
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
,
2
0
0
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,
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
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i
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l
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LOS
AUTORES
72
ISSN-E:
2697-3650
Velastegui et al. Avances tecnológicos en sistemas y equipos de comunicaciones militares
Niccolay
Velastegui
,
Lieutenant
Commander, Head of the Division of Naval
Control
of Maritime Traffic in the Naval Operations Command,
nvelastegui@armada.mil.ec,
Instructor Officer of
the
Naval War Academy since 2018, participation in
Multinational
Naval Exercises such as: UNITAS, PANAMAX, SOLIDAREX,
TRANSAMÉRICA
,TRASOCEANIC,
BELL
BUOY,
as
part
of
the
Op
erational
and
Tactical
Planning
Staff,
"AMERICA AD HUMANITATEM" Medal awarded by the Inter-American
Naval
Telecommunications Network (USA),
Distinc
tion of the Inter-American
Naval
Telecommunications Network (USA-2022), Master in Management and Leadership
in
Education
a
t UTPL. Operator Course of the
CE
NTRIXS System (Combined
Enterprise
Regional
In
formation Exchange System) (USA). Area of interest: Military
Signals
Systems and Education.
Estefanía
Pavón
, Army Signal Captain, Commander of the Signals Company No.
27
“PORTETE”. Bachelor of Military Sciences Bernardo O Higgins Military School
(Chile).
Diploma in Military History of America
(Chile)
. Diploma of the Pacific War
(Chile).
Leadership Course (EEUU). Instructor at the Signals School and the Jungle
and
Counterinsurgency School of the Ecuadorian Army from (2012-2015).
Operations
Officer of the Signals Company (2017-2022) Research Area: Military Signals
Systems,
Educational Pedagogy, Languages and Human Resources.
Minerva
Journal
V
o
l
.
3
,
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s
s
u
e
.
8
,
(
p
p
.
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1
-
7
3
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73
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:
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5
0
Velastegui et al. Avances tecnológicos en sistemas y equipos de comunicaciones militares
Hugo Jácome
, Army Signal Lieutenant. Currently serving in the Signals Company No. 7
“LOJA”,
Bach
elor of Military Sciences of the Ecuadorian Army University. English
Military
Instructor Course (Ecuador). Language Teaching Training Course
(Canada).
Coordinator of the English Department at Ecuadorian Army University (2018),
English
Military
Instructor
at
Signals
Headquarter
(2
018-2019),
Military
Instructor
at
the
Ecuadorian
Army
School
(2019-2020).
Research
Area:
Military
Signals
Systems,
Educational Pedagogy, Languages and Human Resources.
Freddy Torres,
Air
For
ce
Av
iation
Pilot
Lieutenant,
Rescue
Pilot
“Combat
Wing
No.22”,
Graduated
i
n Military Aeronautical Science, Armed Forces University. Security
Officer
(2212 Combat Squadron), TH-57A Sea Ranger Team Combat Pilot (22nd
Combat
Wing),
Searc
h and Rescue Seminar (221st
Fligh
t Group), RPAS OPERATOR AND
RPAS
INHIBITOR
(COAD
ELECTRONIC
WAR),
Technical
Aeronautical
English
(Languages)
Project
Deve
lopment
Co
urse (San Francisco de Quito University) Air Base Security
and
Defense Course (Air Infantry School). Research area: Helicopter
Aerodynamics,
Avionics, Leadership, Geopolitics, Security and Defense.
Melissa Pico,
Army Signal Second Lieutenant, Ecuadorian Army. Signals Company
No.
21
“CÓNDO
R”, Bachelor of Military Sciences of the Ecuadorian Army
University.
Leadership Certificate (EEUU) Master's student in Human Rights and
Protection
Systems (Spain). Research area: Human Rights, International Humanitarian
Law,
Military Signals Systems, Languages, and Education.
Minerva
Journal
V
o
l
.
3
,
I
s
s
u
e
.
8
,
(
p
p
.
6
1
-
7
3
)