Resumen.
-
En
este
documento
se
presenta
una
descripción
de
los
avances
y
nuevas
tecnologías
desarrolladas
para
el
control
de
la
seguridad
fronteriza
y
de
uso
militar.
Se
realizó
una
revisión
sistemática
considerando
artículos
científicos
de
bases
relacionadas
con
avances
tecnológicos
de
donde
se
obtuvo
información
referente
a
nuevas
técnicas,
aplicativos,
algoritmos,
dispositivos
para
el
monitoreo
y
sistemas
biométricos
que
operan
con
inteligencia
artificial,
aprendizaje
de
máquina
para
dar
soporte
a
la
seguridad
y
control
en
el
paso
fronterizo
de
personas,
armamento,
productos
y
objetos
no
permitidos
por
las
reglamentaciones
vigentes
de
las
naciones.
El
avance
tecnológico
alrededor
del
mundo
permite
el
constante
desarrollo
de
nuevas
alternativas
que
se
contraponen
a
las
nuevas
y
mejoras
en
las
técnicas
fraudulentas
para
el
paso
de
personas
y
objetos
de
manera
ilegal.
Keywords:
Tecnologías,
control
fronterizo,
seguridad
fronteriza,
inteligencia
artificial.
Abstract.
-
This
document
describes
the
advances
and
new
technologies
developed
for
border
security
control
and
military
use.
A
systematic
review
was
conducted,
considering
scientific
articles
on
technological
advances
from
which
information
was
obtained
on
new
techniques,
applications,
algorithms,
surveillance
devices,
and
biometric
systems
that
use
artificial
intelligence
and
machine
learning
to
support
border
security
and
control
of
persons,
weapons,
products,
and
objects
that
are
not
allowed
under
the
current
regulations
of
nations.
Technological
advances
worldwide
enable
the
continuous
development
of
new
alternatives
to
counter
the
new
and
improved
fraudulent
techniques
for
illegal
border
crossing
of
people
and
objects.
Palabras
clave:
Technologies,
border
control,
border
security,
artificial
intelligence.
N
e
w
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
f
o
r
b
o
r
d
e
r
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
a
n
d
s
e
c
u
r
i
t
y
ISSN-E:
2697-3650
Minerva
Journal
Ayala
et al.
Technologies for border control and security
Ayala
Henry
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4918-4395
leon_artillery@hotmail.com
Ejército
Ecuatoriano
Grupo
de
Artillería
Lanzadores
Nro.
80
“Calderón”
Quito-Ecuador
Nuevas
tecnologías
para
el
control
y
seguridad
fronteriza
9
Recibido(16/04/2022),
Aceptado(15/05/2022)
Vol.4,
Issue
N°10,
(pp.
9-19)
Y
a
n
g
e
W
i
l
l
i
a
n
s
h
t
t
p
s
:
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c
i
d
.
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r
g
/
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2
7
1
1
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1
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9
8
w
i
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a
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e
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n
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i
q
u
e
z
@
g
m
a
i
l
.
c
o
m
E
j
é
r
c
i
t
o
E
c
u
a
t
o
r
i
a
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G
r
u
p
o
d
e
A
r
t
i
l
l
e
r
í
a
L
a
n
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a
d
o
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e
s
N
r
o
.
8
0
“
C
a
l
d
e
r
ó
n
”
Quito-Ecuador
Enríquez
Carolina
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4832-1386
isis_30_m90@hotmail.com
Ejército
Ecuatoriano
Comando
de
Apoyo
Logístico
N°9
Quito-Ecuador
https://doi.org/10.47460/minerva.v4i10.91
Tamayo
Heidy
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3538-3748
heidyantonela@hotmail.com
Ejército
Ecuatoriano
Batallón
de
Infantería
Nº2
“Imbabura”.
Ibarra-Ecuador
I
.
I
N
T
R
O
D
U
C
T
I
O
N
Borders
are
a
critical
part
of
a
country's
security,
protecting
citizens
and
keeping
them
safe
from
individuals
a
n
d
g
r
o
u
p
s
t
h
a
t
t
h
r
e
a
t
e
n
s
e
c
u
r
i
t
y
o
n
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
l
e
v
e
l
s
.
I
n
a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
,
b
o
r
d
e
r
p
a
t
r
o
l
t
e
a
m
s
a
r
e
e
s
s
e
n
t
i
a
l
i
n
maintaining
peace
in
the
region
and
keeping
invaders
and
malicious
individuals
out
of
the
country.
Many
technologies,
such
as
surveillance
cameras,
biometric
scanners,
and
thermal
imaging
systems,
can
be
used
to
protect
borders.
These
technologies
have
advanced
significantly
over
the
years.
For
example,
facial
recognition
software
is
an
essential
technological
advancement
in
border
control,
which
can
easily
and
q
u
i
c
k
l
y
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
y
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
s
.
T
h
i
s
s
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
c
a
n
g
a
t
h
e
r
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
a
b
o
u
t
w
h
o
e
n
t
e
r
s
o
r
e
x
i
t
s
a
r
e
g
i
o
n
b
y
scanning
their
faces
at
borders
or
airports.
Modern
border
control
is
a
complex
system.
It
has
multiple
layers
of
security,
and
more
than
one
country
manages
the
border.
Border
control
has
evolved
from
being
a
physical
barrier
to
the
digital
world,
developing
various
technologies
for
this
purpose,
classified
into
two
groups:
(1)
Technologies
for
the
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
o
f
i
l
l
e
g
a
l
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
a
n
d
(
2
)
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
v
e
r
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
travelers.
This
work
describes
multiple
cases
of
land
border
security
control
technologies
that
have
been
effectively
a
p
p
l
i
e
d
i
n
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
c
o
u
n
t
r
i
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
r
l
d
,
a
s
w
e
l
l
a
s
t
h
o
s
e
i
n
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
,
i
n
t
h
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
.
T
h
e
methodology
section
specifies
the
process
of
obtaining
reference
information
for
this
work.
The
results
section
explains
and
discusses
some
findings,
approaches,
and
dilemmas.
Finally,
the
conclusions
are
presented.
DEVELOPMENT
Currently,
multiple
operational
technologies
for
land
border
control
are
shown
in
Figure
1
(Fig.
1).
Wireless
d
e
v
i
c
e
s
,
m
o
b
i
l
e
s
e
c
u
r
i
t
y
u
n
i
t
s
,
f
i
b
e
r
o
p
t
i
c
s
f
o
r
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
a
n
d
f
i
x
e
d
a
n
d
m
o
b
i
l
e
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
exist.
I
S
S
N
-
E
:
2
6
9
7
-
3
6
5
0
Minerva
Journal
10
Fig. 1.
Technologies used in land border security control systems
The
security
of
fiber
optic
communication
is
a
technology
that
was
developed
to
provide
more
secure
communication.
It
has
become
the
most
popular
technology
for
border
control,
being
used
in
the
United
States
since
the
1990s.
The
use
of
fiber
optic
communication
security
has
been
implemented
for
decades
in
the
military
and
government
sectors.
The
technology
has
been
developed
to
its
current
state
through
decades
of
research
and
development.
The
use
of
fiber
optic
communication
security
has
made
it
possible
for
border
control
agencies
to
detect
intruders
and
track
their
movements,
as
well
as
provide
protection
for
their
employees
against
terrorist
attacks.
Ayala
et al.
Technologies for border control and security
Vol.4,
Issue
N°10,
(pp.
9-19)
The
use
of
fiber
optic
technology
for
border
control
has
been
around
for
some
time.
Countries
like
the
U
n
i
t
e
d
S
t
a
t
e
s
,
C
a
n
a
d
a
,
M
e
x
i
c
o
,
a
n
d
A
u
s
t
r
a
l
i
a
h
a
v
e
u
s
e
d
t
h
i
s
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
f
o
r
d
e
c
a
d
e
s
t
o
k
e
e
p
t
h
e
i
r
b
o
r
d
e
r
s
safe
and
secure.
Multiple
technologies
can
be
used
for
border
control.
Some
technologies
used
in
border
control
systems
are
presented
in
Table
1,
along
with
their
application,
scope,
and
technical
characteristics.
I
S
S
N
-
E
:
2
6
9
7
-
3
6
5
0
Minerva
Journal
11
Table 1.
Technologies used in land border security control systems.
Table
2
presents
technologies
used
in
border
systems
for
detecting
objects
(weapons,
drugs,
etc.)
on
p
e
o
p
l
e
'
s
b
o
d
i
e
s
,
a
s
w
e
l
l
a
s
t
r
a
c
k
i
n
g
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
p
a
s
s
i
n
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
r
e
s
t
r
i
c
t
e
d
a
r
e
a
s
.
T
h
e
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
i
n
T
a
b
l
e
2
employ
multiple
technologies
such
as
radiofrequency,
X-ray,
gamma-ray,
radar,
thermal
cameras,
and
image
analysis.
The
advantage
of
the
technologies
described
in
Table
2
is
to
provide
visualization
through
organic
tissue,
solid
objects,
and
gaseous
substances
and
even
detect
hot
zones
such
as
engines,
people,
and
firearms
in
areas
of
poor
visibility
without
affecting
the
people
to
whom
these
technologies
are
applied.
Currently,
surveillance
drones
are
used
at
border
crossings
to
detect
and
track
objects,
people,
and
vehicles
with
the
advantage
that
these
activities
can
be
controlled
from
fixed
posts,
eliminating
the
need
for
helicopters
and
the
need
to
approach
safely
without
risking
the
safety
of
border
control
personnel.
Table 2.
Some technologies are used in border control systems for object tracking
and
detection.
Ayala
et al.
Technologies for border control and security
Vol.4,
Issue
N°10,
(pp.
9-19)
R
o
b
o
t
s
h
a
v
e
b
e
c
o
m
e
w
i
d
e
s
p
r
e
a
d
a
s
a
n
i
n
s
t
r
u
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
n
g
i
n
t
r
u
d
e
r
s
a
t
t
h
e
b
o
r
d
e
r
s
a
n
d
s
e
n
d
i
n
g
information
to
the
control
center.
In
hostile
environments,
robots
show
excellent
performance.
Automated
vehicles
with
monitoring
systems
based
on
facial
recognition
and
detection
algorithms
have
been
developed.
The
presence
of
human
beings
is
verified
through
the
system,
which
then
executes
the
facial
recognition
algorithm
to
compare
them
with
known
soldier
data
and
identify
intruders.
The
HAAR
algorithm
has
been
employed
for
face
detection,
and
the
CNN
algorithm
has
been
used
for
facial
recognition
in
these
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
s
[
1
]
.
I
t
i
s
a
n
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
e
d
t
h
a
t
i
n
t
h
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
,
t
h
e
r
e
w
i
l
l
b
e
m
o
r
e
r
e
g
u
l
a
r
u
s
e
o
f
r
o
b
o
t
s
,
r
a
d
a
r
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
,
and
cameras
for
these
tasks
due
to
the
vast
borders
for
which
more
patrol
personnel
and
vehicles
will
be
required
[2].
T
h
e
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
p
a
s
s
p
o
r
t
s
c
o
n
t
a
i
n
i
n
g
c
h
i
p
s
a
n
d
R
F
I
D
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
t
o
achieve
more
intelligent
and
safer
control.
Greater
security
is
considered
because
the
chip
information
is
locked
and
cannot
be
modified
or
tampered
with,
including
the
stored
photo.
So,
if
there
is
a
duplicate,
this
will
trigger
alarms
[3].
Despite
the
benefits,
some
people
view
biometric
technologies
as
evoking
fears
of
privacy
and
public
liberties
violations.
The
European
Union
has
made
advancements
in
managing
its
migratory
flows,
for
which
it
has
increased
its
reliance
on
technology
in
border
management.
Developments
have
been
implemented
primarily
in
two
areas:
using
unmanned
aerial
vehicles
or
drones
and
improving
information
and
surveillance
technologies
[4].
The
techniques
employed
for
border
control
in
Turkey
have
seen
the
urgent
need
for
increased
use
of
technology.
However,
in
addition
to
detecting,
filtering,
and
preventing
"illegal"
border
crossings,
smuggling,
a
n
d
t
e
r
r
o
r
i
s
m
,
t
h
e
h
u
m
a
n
i
t
a
r
i
a
n
a
s
p
e
c
t
o
f
s
a
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
l
i
v
e
s
o
f
m
i
g
r
a
n
t
s
h
a
s
a
l
s
o
b
e
e
n
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
e
d
[
5
]
.
The
Indian
border
guard
has
installed
and
adopted
new
technologies
such
as
cameras,
night
vision
devices,
a
n
d
r
a
d
a
r
s
.
T
h
e
n
e
e
d
f
o
r
t
h
e
I
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
o
f
T
h
i
n
g
s
(
I
o
T
)
h
a
s
b
e
c
o
m
e
e
v
i
d
e
n
t
f
o
r
b
e
t
t
e
r
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
management,
which
has
already
been
adopted
on
a
small
scale
and
in
limited
areas.
The
fast-decision-
making
process
provides
reliability
and
appropriate
responses
to
secure
dangerous
border
areas,
even
in
e
x
t
r
e
m
e
w
e
a
t
h
e
r
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
,
d
i
v
e
r
s
e
t
e
r
r
a
i
n
,
r
i
v
e
r
i
n
e
t
e
r
r
a
i
n
s
,
d
e
n
s
e
f
o
r
e
s
t
a
r
e
a
s
,
a
n
d
i
n
a
c
c
e
s
s
i
b
l
e
a
r
e
a
s
t
h
a
t
are
complicated
to
monitor
by
personnel.
The
project
"Smart
Border
Security
System
using
Internet
of
Things"
proposes
a
low-cost
solution
using
Passive
Infrared
Sensors
(PIR)
and
the
OV7670
camera
module
to
detect
the
movement
of
any
object
within
a
range
and
capture
images
of
intruders,
respectively,
[6].
The
algorithm
used
for
object
detection
in
video
based
on
machine
learning
in
this
research
is
the
Viola-
Jones
algorithm.
This
algorithm
requires
a
training
set
of
positive
and
negative
images.
A
collection
of
positive
and
negative
images
was
used
to
train
the
algorithm
for
objects
such
as
humans,
vehicles,
and
guns.
A
threat
level
classifier
and
an
alert
warning
system
were
also
added
to
classify
and
annotate
the
videos
in
real-time
for
each
frame.
The
threat
level
classifier
categorizes
the
real-time
video
into
safe,
low,
medium,
and
high
(dangerous).
The
alert
system
specifies
the
type
of
warning
based
on
the
type
of
intrusion
(human,
vehicular,
or
gun)
detected.
For
the
algorithm
proposed
in
this
work,
the
accuracy
for
human
detection
is
an
average
of
94.93%,
the
accuracy
for
vehicle
detection
is
an
average
of
95.2%,
and
the
accuracy
for
gun
detection
is
an
average
of
97.67%.
The
accuracy
of
the
proposed
method
(97%)
was
much
higher
than
that
of
the
previously
published
compared
method
(64%)
for
object
detection
[7].
Quad-copter
drones
enable
some
borders
to
communicate
constantly
with
the
base
to
detect
and
track
targets
effectively.
The
system
has
functionalities
to
send
real-time
alerts
when
intruders
have
been
detected
so
that
nearby
patrols
can
act.
Good
results
have
been
shown
in
applying
these
technologies
with
the
use
of
GPS
to
direct
vehicles,
image
analysis,
machine
intelligence
with
aerial
visualization,
and
target
detection
[8].
I
S
S
N
-
E
:
2
6
9
7
-
3
6
5
0
Minerva
Journal
12
Ayala
et al.
Technologies for border control and security
Vol.4,
Issue
N°10,
(pp.
9-19)
It
has
been
proposed
to
include
a
contactless
identification
system
that
uses
advanced
mobile
devices
for
b
o
r
d
e
r
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
,
f
o
c
u
s
i
n
g
o
n
u
s
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
n
g
n
e
w
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
.
T
h
e
d
e
v
i
c
e
i
s
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
MobilePass
device
and
allows
for
identification
using
4
fingerprints
instead
of
just
one,
as
in
conventional
systems.
The
robustness
and
contributions
to
the
border
security
system
are
still
being
evaluated
[9].
Maritime
borders
where
groups
of
migrants
arrive
to
enter
another
nation
have
a
particular
problem
regarding
verifying
information
due
to
the
presence
of
ships,
weather
conditions,
and
extensive
monitoring
areas.
Therefore,
maritime
surveillance
has
focused
not
only
on
the
rescue
and
recovery
of
migrants
but
also
on
taking
subsequent
actions
to
ensure
the
well-being
of
individuals
[10].
Since
the
9/11
incident
in
Manhattan,
the
United
States,
borders
have
been
viewed
as
one
of
the
main
security
filters
for
national
security.
Many
countries
have
seen
the
need
to
improve
their
automated
border
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
t
o
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
t
o
t
h
e
s
e
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
(
H
e
i
s
k
a
n
e
n
,
2
0
1
4
)
.
A
n
e
w
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
f
o
r
a
u
t
o
m
a
t
e
d
border
control
(ABC)
systems
have
been
proposed.
Various
security
technologies
are
used
for
these
complex
ABC
solutions,
including
biometrics,
surveillance,
certificate
exchange,
data
protection,
secure
user
interaction,
and
information
security.
The
FastPass
project
proposes
a
stakeholder-driven
approach
providing
a
better
understanding
of
security
technologies
to
estimate
the
automated
approach's
risks,
challenges,
and
opportunities
[11].
"To
enhance
border
security,
wireless
sensor
networks
(WSN)
powered
by
solar
energy
have
been
developed,
allowing
for
automated
monitoring,
target
tracking,
and
intrusion
detection.
These
systems
have
b
e
e
n
n
o
t
e
d
f
o
r
t
h
e
i
r
f
e
a
t
u
r
e
s
r
e
g
a
r
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
l
a
s
s
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
s
,
t
h
e
i
r
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
t
o
s
u
r
v
i
v
e
i
n
adverse
weather
conditions,
and
their
efficient
collection
of
solar
energy.",
[12].
ISSN-E:
2697-3650
Minerva
Journal
13
Fig. 2.
WSN architecture with the use of wireless nodes.
Fig
2
shows
the
network
architecture
of
our
solar-powered
ad-hoc
WSN
for
border
surveillance.
The
wireless
sensor
nodes
are
interconnected
to
build
a
surveillance
system
for
border
security.
The
gateway
base
station
or
sink
node
receives
and
aggregates
the
detection
data
from
the
sensors
located
in
a
distributed
manner
and
transmits
or
broadcasts
commands
to
the
sensor
nodes,
such
as
suspension
and
activation
commands,
to
manage
the
sensor
nodes.
Remote
service
is
also
integrated,
the
gateway
transmits
the
detection
data
to
the
operations
center,
and
an
inference
system
processes
the
data.
The
sensor
nodes
can
automatically
form
sensor
clusters
and
work
collaboratively.
Our
network
architecture
is
flexible
and
imposes
no
limits
on
the
size
of
the
sensor
network
and
the
number
of
sensors
[12].
In
addition,
sensor
networks
such
as
"PACHENDRIYA"
from
India
have
also
been
developed,
which
incorporate
sensors
of
various
types
such
as
geophones,
hydrophones,
microphones,
infrared
sensors,
and
camera
sensors
to
achieve
effective
surveillance
and
detection
of
human
intrusions
in
border
scenarios.
Ayala
et al.
Technologies for border control and security
Vol.4,
Issue
N°10,
(pp.
9-19)
Ground
Surveillance
Radar
(GSR)
operations
allow
for
securing
an
area
and
provide
operators
and
agents
w
i
t
h
m
u
c
h
m
o
r
e
t
i
m
e
t
o
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
e
,
p
r
i
o
r
i
t
i
z
e
a
n
d
s
t
o
p
i
n
t
r
u
d
e
r
s
t
h
a
n
a
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
f
e
n
c
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
A
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
response
time
is
one
of
the
critical
characteristics
of
the
wide-area
surveillance
concept,
along
with
additional
benefits
for
both
operators
and
response
teams.
Two
leading
GSR
technologies
exist
Frequency-Modulated
Continuous
Wave
(FMCW)
and
Pulse
Doppler.
Most
pulse
Doppler
radars
are
derived
from
legacy
military
battlefield
radar
technology
applied
to
wide-area
surveillance.
In
contrast,
a
new
generation
of
FMCW
radar
technology
has
been
developed
for
this
new
type
of
surveillance,
applied
to
the
security
of
high-value
sites,
airports,
military
bases,
ports,
and
borders
[13].
With
proper
control
over
X-ray
exposure
to
the
human
body
(Fig.
3),
various
technical
configurations
such
as
transmission
imaging
(fluoroscopy),
backscatter
imaging,
computed
tomography,
and
other
combinations
are
used
in
border
controls.
In
this
way,
the
inside
of
the
human
body,
it's
surface,
clothing,
and
luggage
is
i
n
s
p
e
c
t
e
d
t
o
d
e
t
e
c
t
w
e
a
p
o
n
s
,
e
x
p
l
o
s
i
v
e
s
,
a
n
d
d
r
u
g
s
.
ISSN-E:
2697-3650
Minerva
Journal
14
Fig 3.
Transmission imaging (fluoroscopy). The image results of a scan:
The
person slides back
and
forth (1) for seconds. A pencil beam (2) scans
the
person.
This
beam is
a
djusted to a line of
d
etectors. The digitized
image
appears on a screen (3).
In
Table
3,
the
most
common
functional
requirements
that
border
security
scanning
systems
must
have
been
shown.
Multiple
technologies
are
specified
for
specific
tasks
that
detect
and
recognize
risk
elements.
Table 3.
Most common functional requirements needed for border security
scanning
systems.
Ayala
et al.
Technologies for border control and security
Vol.4,
Issue
N°10,
(pp.
9-19)
T
a
b
l
e
3
o
u
t
l
i
n
e
s
e
s
s
e
n
t
i
a
l
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
f
o
r
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
b
o
r
d
e
r
s
e
c
u
r
i
t
y
s
c
a
n
n
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
c
l
e
a
r
a
n
d
crisp
image
capture,
threat
detection,
pattern
recognition,
and
integration
with
relevant
databases
to
identify
potential
threats.
The
table
emphasizes
the
need
for
accessible,
user-friendly
systems
ensuring
information
security.
To
improve
the
clarity
and
concision
of
the
second
paragraph,
it
could
be
revised
as
follows:
There
are
p
r
o
p
o
s
a
l
s
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
b
o
r
d
e
r
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
e
s
b
y
e
m
p
l
o
y
i
n
g
a
m
u
l
t
i
-
t
o
o
l
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
i
n
c
o
r
p
o
r
a
t
i
n
g
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
scanning,
controls,
and
nearly
simultaneous
passenger
queries.
This
approach
could
address
several
common
problems,
including
limitations
in
traditional
information
systems
for
immigration
and
port
security,
carrier
reservations,
economic
and
demographic
statistics,
and
police
and
counterterrorism
agencies
[14].
The
OptaSense®
Distributed
Acoustic
Sensing
(DAS)
system
is
an
innovative
technology
that
utilizes
fiber
o
p
t
i
c
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
c
a
b
l
e
s
a
s
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
t
o
d
e
t
e
c
t
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
c
r
o
s
s
i
n
g
s
a
n
d
t
u
n
n
e
l
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
b
o
r
d
e
r
security
purposes.
This
low-cost,
high-reliability
system
has
been
field-proven
in
over
one
hundred
locations
worldwide
and
can
work
with
existing
border
surveillance
technologies.
OptaSense's
ability
to
detect,
classify,
and
locate
activity
over
hundreds
of
kilometers
in
a
precise
and
actionable
manner
has
proven
it
to
be
a
cost-effective
solution
for
long-border
monitoring,
with
the
system
scaling
to
cover
up
to
1500
km
and
be
controlled
by
a
single
central
monitoring
station
in
pipeline
applications
[15].
ISSN-E:
2697-3650
Minerva
Journal
15
Fig 3.
Principle of operation of the OptaSense DAS System.
Figure
4
presents
a
representation
of
the
operating
principle
of
the
current
generation
DAS
OptaSense
system.
Each
range
container
is
sampled
2000
times/second
(50
km
of
fiber)
at
20000
cycles/sec
(5
km
of
fiber)
and
provides
the
output
of
the
"virtual"
strain
sensor.
A
simple
system
that
can
provide
4000
programmable
channels
spaced
at
5,
10,
or
12.5
meters.
The
system
can
detect
variations
in
decibels
from
2
microns
to
2
km,
which
can
be
determined
in
pulses
of
10-meter
length,
generating
an
optical
signal
that
is
amplified
and
transmitted
to
the
control
station,
providing
the
position
of
the
location
where
it
has
crossed
near
the
cable,
generating
an
increase
in
the
noise
of
the
signal.
Ayala
et al.
Technologies for border control and security
Vol.4,
Issue
N°10,
(pp.
9-19)
III.
METHODOLOGY
Scientific
articles
were
searched
in
repositories
such
as
ScienceDirect,
Scopus,
Taylor
&
Francis,
Web
of
Sciences,
and
IEEE
Xplore.
Duplicate
articles
were
removed,
and
the
remaining
works
were
screened
according
to
their
titles.
Subsequently,
the
abstracts
were
reviewed,
and
the
contents
were
verified
to
obtain
15
articles
with
relevant
information,
which
served
as
the
basis
for
this
document.
Figure
5
shows
the
review
process
workflow,
considering
the
PRISMA
methodology
guidelines.
The
search
keywords
used
were
technologies,
control,
security,
and
borders.
All
articles
that
addressed
the
topic
without
describing
the
principle
of
operation
of
the
applied
technologies
were
excluded.
ISSN-E:
2697-3650
Minerva
Journal
16
Fig 5.
Systematic review conducted, keywords: “Technologies AND control AND border”.
IV.
RESULTS
Border
control
is
critical
to
ensure
the
security
and
protection
of
a
country's
borders.
They
have
developed
several
technologies
to
improve
their
effectiveness.
Some
of
the
technologies
identified
for
these
security-
related
tasks
are
described
below.
Video
surveillance
systems
allow
surveillance
of
border
areas
using
cameras
that
transmit
images
in
real-time
to
a
control
center.
The
technology
allows
detection
patterns
and
alerts
operators
if
anything
unusual
is
observed
within
the
field
of
vision.
Movement
sensors
detect
and
send
information
about
the
presence
of
people,
vehicles,
or
other
objects
in
specific
border
areas
and
alert
operators.
The
sensors
can
also
detect
the
presence
of
tunnels
and
other
smuggling
devices.
Intrusion
detection
systems
allow
alerting
about
the
presence
of
people
or
vehicles
that
cross
the
border
without
permission
and
irregularly.
Intrusion
detection
systems
can
use
multiple
technologies,
such
as
video
cameras,
motion
sensors,
radars,
thermographic
detectors,
and
multispectral
image
analysis.
Ayala
et al.
Technologies for border control and security
Vol.4,
Issue
N°10,
(pp.
9-19)
Frequent
use
of
biometric
identification
has
been
identified.
These
systems
allow
the
identification
of
p
e
o
p
l
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
u
n
i
q
u
e
p
h
y
s
i
c
a
l
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
,
s
u
c
h
a
s
f
i
n
g
e
r
p
r
i
n
t
s
,
i
r
i
s
s
c
a
n
s
,
a
n
d
f
a
c
i
a
l
r
e
c
o
g
n
i
t
i
o
n
,
a
m
o
n
g
others.
Biometric
identification
systems
are
used
to
verify
the
identity
of
people
crossing
the
border
and
to
detect
people
wanted
by
the
law.
Baggage
and
cargo
scanning
systems
provide
information
on
detecting
dangerous
or
illegal
objects
in
baggage
and
cargo
of
vehicles
crossing
the
border.
These
scanning
systems
use
X-ray
technology
and
other
scanning
methods
to
identify
objects
by
detecting
them
through
other
solids
and
making
them
more
accessible
for
control
personnel
to
visualize.
CONCLUSIONS
Advanced
technologies
are
being
used
to
strengthen
border
security:
Border
control
technologies
have
e
v
o
l
v
e
d
t
r
e
m
e
n
d
o
u
s
l
y
i
n
r
e
c
e
n
t
d
e
c
a
d
e
s
.
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
h
i
g
h
-
r
e
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
c
a
m
e
r
a
s
,
r
a
d
a
r
systems,
and
drones
are
used
to
monitor
borders
and
detect
potential
threats.
In
addition,
data
analysis
and
facial
recognition
techniques
are
being
used
to
identify
suspicious
persons
and
prevent
unauthorized
persons
from
crossing.
Border
control
technologies
impact
privacy
and
human
rights:
As
advanced
technologies
strengthen
border
security,
there
are
also
legitimate
concerns
about
privacy
and
human
rights
impacts.
In
some
cases,
these
technologies
can
be
invasive
and
result
in
the
collection
and
use
of
personal
data
without
the
consent
of
individuals,
which
can
have
severe
consequences
in
terms
of
civil
liberties.
Implementing
border
control
technologies
is
a
contentious
issue:
The
performance
of
border
control
technologies
is
controversial
in
many
parts
of
the
world—some
support
using
these
technologies
to
strengthen
border
security
and
prevent
illegal
immigration
and
cross-border
crime.
In
contrast,
others
argue
that
these
technologies
are
costly,
invasive,
and
not
consistently
effective.
It
is
essential
to
consider
these
d
i
v
e
r
s
e
v
i
e
w
s
w
h
e
n
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
i
n
g
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
g
b
o
r
d
e
r
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
a
n
d
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
t
o
f
i
n
d
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
s
t
h
a
t
balance
security
and
human
rights.
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H
u
r
r
e
y
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«
T
h
e
'
S
w
i
s
s
A
r
m
y
K
n
i
f
e
'
A
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
t
o
B
o
r
d
e
r
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
:
M
u
l
t
i
t
a
s
k
i
n
g
i
n
a
M
u
l
t
i
-
t
h
r
e
a
t
W
o
r
l
d
,
»
d
e
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o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
,
»
d
e
2
0
1
2
E
u
r
o
p
e
a
n
I
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
S
e
c
u
r
i
t
y
I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
c
s
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
,
O
d
e
n
s
e
,
D
i
n
a
m
a
r
c
a
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2
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(pp.
9-19)
ISSN-E:
2697-3650
Minerva
Journal
19
Henry Ayala,
Artillery Captain in the Ecuadorian Army, Artillery Group Multiple Launchers
No. 80 "CALDERON."
8
0 "CALDERON," Bachelor in Military Sciences Escuela
Superior
Militar
Eloy
Alfaro,
Knowledge
in
Human
Inte
rnational
Law
(FAE
War
Academy),
Law
Student UTPL (Ecuador), Human Talent Officer of GA7 "CABO MINACHO"
2017-2019,
Logistics Officer GAAA5 "MAYOR VALENCIA" 2020-2021, Human Talent Officer
GA5
"ATAHUALPA" and GALM80 "CALDERON" 2021-2023.
T
H
E
A
U
T
H
O
R
S
Willians
Yange,
Artillery
Captain
in
the
Ecuadorian
Army,
Multiple
Launcher
Artillery
Group No. 80 "CALDERON," Bachelor in Military Sciences at the Escuela Superior
Militar
Eloy Alfaro. Knowledge
i
n chart digitalization,
ac
cident investigation, air defense
planning,
international
humanitar
ian law and military technology, and human resources.
Instructor
of the Artillery School of the Ecuadorian Army 2015-2017.
Carolina
Enríquez,
Transport
Captain
in
the
Ecuadorian
Army,
Logistic
Support
Command N°9, Bachelor in Military Sciences at the Eloy Alfaro Military School
(Ecuador).
Knowledge
i
n
managem
ent, maintenance, and supply of logistic resources.
Commander
of
the
Supply
Platoon
in
CL74
"HUANCAVILC
A
2012-2014.
Commander
of
light
and
medium
veh
icles platoon in CL75 "AUCA" 2014-2016. Logistics platoon commander of
the
CL72 "SHYRIS" 2017-2020. Platoon Commander support of CAL9
2021.military
communications systems, pedagogy, languages, and human resources.
Heidy Tamayo,
Se
cond Lieutenant of Communications in the Ecuadorian Army,
Infantry
Battalion
No
. 2 "Imbabura," Bachelor of
Military
Sciences at the Escuela Superior
Militar
"Eloy Alfaro". Instructor at the Conscripts Instruction Center at the Artillery Brigade
Nº27
"PORTETE". Knowledge in human rights.
Ayala
et al.
Technologies for border control and security
V
o
l
.
4
,
I
s
s
u
e
N
°
1
0
,
(
p
p
.
9
-
1
9
)